Overview

A Domestic Relationship Personal Protection Order (PPO) is a court order to stop threats or violence against you by a person with whom you have a domestic relationship. You have a domestic relationship with a person who is:

• Your current or ex-spouse
• Your child’s other parent
• Someone you live with or used to live with, or
• Someone you have dated

A dating relationship is not a casual friendship or business acquaintance. It is an intimate or affectionate relationship with someone. The relationship could be short or long, and could be recent or in the past.

In your PPO case, you are the Petitioner if you are asking for protection. The abuser is the Respondent.

Definition of Domestic Violence in Michigan

MI Comp L § 776.22 (2022) defines domestic violence for the purposes of getting a domestic relationship personal protection order (“PPO”). PPO can be issued by a judge if they believe that someone you have or had a close relationship with might do any of these things to you:

• Enter your property unlawfully
• Physically harm you
• Threaten to harm or kill you
• Take your children without permission
• Buy or have a firearm
• Interfere with you moving out or taking your things
• Disturb you at work or school
• Access private information about you or your children
• Stalk or threaten you
• Harm or threaten harm to your pet

Comparison with Criminal Case

If you're victims of domestic violence, then you can file the following legal cases:

• Criminal Case: In a criminal case, the burden of proof is beyond a reasonable doubt, the highest burden of proof.
• Personal Protection Order: This is considered a family law case, and the victim has to give some evidence and generally the burden is low and the victim must establish “reasonable proof of a past act or acts of abuse”. For Personal Protection Order, you just need evidence to support that abuse occur which is defined as bodily injury or fear that you will get bodily injury.

The court considers accusations of abuse leniently, and favors on issuing orders as long as there is some evidence.

Does my situation qualify for a Personal Protection Order?

Here's a summary of the different types of protection orders.  There are a few different types of protection orders and typically only one of them may apply to your situation. The first step is to see if any of the different types of protection order applies to your situation or is remotely related as that might help you decide whether to apply.

The types are:

1. Domestic Relationship

A Domestic Relationship Personal Protection Order (PPO) is a court order to stop threats or violence against you by a person with whom you have a domestic relationship. This could be your current or ex-spouse, your child's other parent, someone you live with or used to live with, or someone you have dated. (MCL § 600.2950(1), (4))

2. Stalking

A nondomestic personal protection order (PPO) is a court order to stop someone from threatening, stalking, or harassing you. A nondomestic PPO can protect you from someone who has threatened, stalked, or harassed you in the past. (MCL § 750.411h(a)-(e))

3. Non-domestic Sexual Assault

A nondomestic sexual assault personal protection order (PPO) is a court order to stop someone from threatening, stalking, or harassing you. A nondomestic sexual assault PPO can protect you from someone who sexually assaulted you, threatened to sexually assault you, or gave you obscene material (if you are a minor). (MCL § 600.2950a(2)(a))

What if I am under 18 years of Age?

Protective orders can be requested by anyone 12 years or older, and without your parent's permission.  If you are under 18, then in some situations, a judge may ask you to have a trusted adult help you in your case after you have filed for the petition. such as a parent a counselor or a neighbor.

If you are under 18, you can go to your local court's Self-Help Center for help. For support and safety tips, you can chat at loveisrespect.org, text "LOVEIS" to 22522, or call 1-866-331-9474.

If you are 12 or older and someone has asked for a protection order against you, you can go to court without a parent. In some situations, the judge may ask you to have a trusted adult help you in your case.

Situation Examples

Example 1:  Husband is sexually and verbally abusive, and controlling:

Lisa's husband, Mark, always seems angry and yells at her for small things. Sometimes, he calls her names and makes her feel worthless. Mark also controls what Lisa wears, who she talks to, and where she goes. Lisa feels scared and trapped in her own home because she never knows when Mark will lash out at her again. She wants to leave, but she's afraid of what Mark might do if she tries.

Example 2:  Boyfriend blackmails and destroys property to control and induce fear:

Emily's boyfriend, Jason, has been acting strange lately. He threatens to share embarrassing photos of Emily online if she doesn't do what he wants. One day, when Emily tried to break up with Jason, he got angry and smashed her phone and laptop. Jason told Emily that if she ever leaves him, he'll ruin her life. Emily feels scared and doesn't know who to turn to for help.

Example 3:  Ex-boyfriend stalks:

Sarah broke up with her boyfriend, Alex, a few months ago, but he won't leave her alone. Alex follows Sarah everywhere she goes, showing up unexpectedly at her workplace and her favorite coffee shop. He sends her constant messages and calls her multiple times a day, making Sarah feel like she's being watched all the time. Sarah is afraid of what Alex might do next and doesn't know how to make him stop.

Is a protection order helpful?

The purpose of a protection order is to restrict the contact or proximity of one person (the respondent or alleged perpetrator) to another person (the petitioner or victim) in order to ensure the safety and well-being of the petitioner.

The specific terms of a protection order can vary depending on the circumstances of the case e.g. if the people live together then it might require one party to vacate the place.

Typically, a protection order may prohibit the respondent from

1. Approaching or contacting the petitioner including via text or social media
2. Staying away from the usual places petitioner is at such as home, work or school
3. Prohibit stalking, or surveillance of any kind
4. In situations where they lived together, provide custody or access to
   • Children
   • Pets
   • Important documents
   • Personal items such as clothes, medications, cell phones
   • Cars
5. Extending the protections to others living with the petitioner

Research findings on benefits of protection orders

Here’s the top three finding from a study on domestic violence and protection orders from the University of New Hampshire

Reduce Violence

Civil protective orders (such as a PPO) are effective in reducing partner violence for many women. For half the women in the sample, a protective order stopped the violence. For the other half, the orders significantly reduced violence and abuse.

Cost Effective

They are a relatively low-cost solution, particularly when compared with the social and personal costs of partner violence.

Urban Vs. Rural

The impact of civil protective orders on reducing violence and abuse did not differ for rural and urban women. In rural areas where resources and services for partner violence may be more limited, the protection orders hold greater importance.

Process for getting a Protection Order?

Step 1: Gather Evidence

The first step is to gather the evidence to support your case. The fallowing are considered as evidence of domestic violence

Evidence Type 1: Pending Criminal Case

Judges are also more likely to issue an order if there is an ongoing criminal case; therefore it's important to call such cases out when seeking a temporary Protective order.

When a judge sees that there's a criminal case happening, they might think it means the police or the district attorney are pretty sure they can prove the crime happened.

Evidence Type 2: Photos of violence, injuries, damage

These are the most common types of evidence submitted. These can be photos of victim's injuries inflicted by the abuser. It is helpful to add photos next to the related incident description to help create a complete picture for the judge.

Evidence Type 3: Print outs of messages, emails or transcripts of voicemail

You can take screenshots of text messages and attach them. Similarly you can print emails and attach them as pictures or PDF files. While in most cases you cannot submit digital files such as

Evidence Type 4: 911 Calls

Rather than just saying you called 911 or any specific hotline, you can make your case stronger by listing the following items

• The number dialed in case of the domestic hotline
• The date and time (or approximate date and time) when the call was made
• Who made the call
• What was reported on the call
• Any specific details of the person who answer the 911 call e.g. male/female voice

Evidence Type 5:  Medical Records

You can attach documentation of previous medical emergencies or injuries that resulted from the actions of the abuser. These could be hospital visit records, print outs from your hospital portal (E.g.mychart) showing details of your visit.

Evidence Type 6:  Police reports

You can attach a copy of the police reports filed against abuser for domestic violence.

Evidence Type 7:  Testimony

A testimony from a witness. The witness can be anyone such as a family member, neighbor a co-worker or a bystander. The testimony is just an essay written describing the incidents witnessed, with as many specifics as possible.

Step 2: Get a copy of court forms 

In order to apply for a civil protection order, you need to fill and submit a specific set of official court forms. These have questions aimed at understanding your situation and the people involved.

The complete set of documents is at the Michigan Courts website. While these forms are used in most courts, certain courts use modified versions of these forms, and its important to uses those versions.

Tip: You can check your local court's website to see the exact versions and set of court forms needed. You need to prepare these forms. Courts also offer a free self help center where you can take forms. Alternatively you can use a free website such as LegalAtoms to prepare the protection orders paperwork online.

Nothing happens until you file the forms. So it’s a good idea to step through the forms even if you think you don't plan to file for a protection order right now, to get

You can then file them online when you've thought through all aspects.  There are special protections for victims, and you're protected even if your immigration status is undocumented in United States.

Step 3: File the Court Forms 

Submit your case documents at the court such that the clerk reviews their corrects and accepts them is called filing.

Identify the court at your county

In Michigan, if you need to apply for a Domestic Violence Protection (DVP) order, you'll typically go to the Michigan District or Circuit Courts in your county.

The District or Circuit Courts where you can apply for Domestic Violence Protection (DVP) orders in some of the major counties in Michigan:

• Wayne County Circuit Court (Detroit):

Address: Wayne County Circuit Court, Coleman A. Young Municipal Center, 2 Woodward Ave, Detroit, MI 48226

• Oakland County Circuit Court (Pontiac):

Address: Oakland County Circuit Court, Oakland County Courthouse, 1200 N Telegraph Rd, Pontiac, MI 48341

• Macomb County Circuit Court (Mount Clemens):

Address: Macomb County Circuit Court, Macomb County Courthouse, 40 N Main St, Mount Clemens, MI 48043

• Kent County District Court (Grand Rapids):

Address: Kent County District Court, 180 Ottawa Ave NW, Grand Rapids, MI 49503

• Genesee County Circuit Court (Flint):

Address: Genesee County Circuit Court, Genesee County Courthouse, 900 S Saginaw St, Flint, MI 48502

Methods of Filing

Method # 1: In Person:

Your court location would accept the forms to be submitted in person at the court hours.

Tip: All courts have lunch hours when they are closed for an hour

When you submit your case documents at the court, typically you take 3 copies.

The clerks review it, and if everything is ok, they formally enter it into the court system and put a stamp near the top of the documents. That acceptance is called filing.

Method # 2:  Electronically via a portal

Some counties now have one or more online portals where you create an account for free, and then you can upload documents and hit submit. You will be required to pay around $5-$10 filing fees.

Method # 3:  Via another person 

Some counties accept filing via a friend or legal courier. These companies or individuals charge a flat or hourly fee and file the documents at the court.

Step 4: Get a Temporary Order 

Depending on the facts and evidence presented, a Judge can issue a protection order with immediate effect until the hearing, called an Emergency Temporary Order.  In relatively less risky situations, a temporary order is issued in a few days.

If there are no grounds or if the application is incomplete or the jurisdiction is incorrect the application may be rejected.

The temporary order is only valid for about 3 weeks which is the amount of time until the hearing. If the hearing is delayed for any reason, you need to check with the court to ensure the temporary order is renewed until the hearing.

Step 5: Serve the abuser 

If you were successful in getting a temporary order only then this step is necessary, otherwise you will have to wait until you get one.

In the Michigan legal system, whenever one party initiates a protection order it needs to inform or serve the other party formally by delivering the court documents. That step is called serving the respondent, and is often seen in movies and TV shows as "You've been served".

Under the Michigan law there are multiple ways in which the other party can be served.

You cannot  serve your papers yourself.

Option 1:  Ask a Cop (FREE)

A sheriff or marshal can serve the opposing party for you which is a big help. This service is offered for FREE. You will however need the address of the abuser. To ask the sheriff to serve your papers, you must have an address or location for the other side (restrained person). If the other side is in jail, the sheriff can serve them. If the other side is in prison, prison staff, not the sheriff, will serve your papers. Follow the instructions by the Michigan Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation for serving someone in prison

Option 2: Ask a friend, relative or any adult (FREE)

You ask someone you know to be your server

• 18 or over, and
• not part of your case

Think about safety when choosing your server. Get step-by-step instructions for how to have someone else, not the sheriff, serve your court papers in the County.

Option 3: Hire a specialized courier

You can also hire a courier called  professional process server. You can search on Yelp or Google to get a list of options near you. Yelp Example. An example is ABC Legal Services.

You cannot hire regular couriers such as UPS, FedEx or US Postal Service unless in exceptional scenarios where the judge authorizes service by mail, but that's a whole different topic altogether.

Step 6: Present Evidence in a Court Hearing 

Attend a hearing: The court holds a hearing within a couple of weeks where the evidence is examined. If there is sufficient supporting evidence as determined by a Judge, a full protection order is issued. At this point it becomes a crime for the abuser to break the conditions of the protection order.

Step 7. Collect the Final Order

After the hearing, a final order may be issued. You can take a paper copy of the order with you. The order is typically valid for five years.

Costs

There are no costs associated with a Personal Protection Order.

• FREE forms : You can get the court forms for free, or prepare them using the guided experience below.
• FREEfiling: There is fees for filing. Online filing platforms may charge a service fees

Process Duration

You can get a temporary protection order the same day as you file.

Courts can have a cutoff of around 2 p.m.  for the same day service, so you need to file before then. Otherwise, the order would be issued the following day when courts open.

Courts are generally open Monday-Friday and closed on Saturday-Sunday.

The temporary order is valid until a formal hearing is held in which both parties need to be present. Typically a hearing is scheduled in 2 weeks of filing.

At the hearing a formal order may be issued

Risks

It is conceivable that following the submission of a civil protection order, the abuser particularly in domestic violence situations may react with anger due to the perceived loss of control over you and your household. In certain instances, the abuser may portray themselves as the victim and shift blame onto the actual victim they were mistreating.

The response of your abuser after the filing of a protection order is unpredictable. While a Personal Protection Order (PPO) can provide legal protection, one should not automatically assume that it guarantees safety. The initial weeks post-filing can be particularly precarious, contingent on your abuser's reaction.

Despite the safeguards intended by a PPO, abusers may retaliate through various means, such as:

1. Physical assault or violence
2. Harming or taking away children
3. Damaging jointly owned property
4. Disregarding the order and persisting with threats, possibly through intermediaries
5. Inflicting harm or causing harm to pets
6. Harassing your loved ones for information
7. Engaging in stalking behavior
8. Initiating a retaliatory restraining order against you
9. Spreading false information about you in court documents, online, or publicly

Following the submission of a Personal Protection Order, it's important to continuously assess your situation and prepare for the potential escalation of your case into more violent territory.